The Christian Case  —  Apologetics & AI

A New God’s Being Created? AI, Christianity, and the Threat We Didn’t Expect

An Updated Analysis of Artificial Intelligence as a Threat to Christianity

By Raj Richard  |  June 2026  |  Updated from the February 2018 original

In 2018, this blog asked a prescient question: Is Artificial Intelligence a threat to Christianity? The answer given was yes — and that answer remains correct. But the shape of the threat has changed dramatically. What was speculative in 2018 is now concrete. What was fringe is now mainstream. This updated analysis revisits the original concerns, corrects what time has overtaken, and identifies the threats Christians actually face in 2026.

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How AI Conflicts with Christian Theology

The Soul Question

The original article rightly raised the question of the soul. If humans create a mind, does God still uniquely create souls? This challenge to creationist anthropology and the Imago Dei remains valid.

However, the article’s premise — “if humans could create AI with free will” — requires significant qualification in light of what AI actually is today. Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, Google Gemini, and Anthropic’s Claude are not conscious agents. They are, as AI researcher Yann LeCun has described, sophisticated next-token predictors — systems that process and generate language based on statistical patterns in training data, without understanding, consciousness, or will.¹

The distinction between Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which is what we currently have, and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which remains speculative and undefined, is crucial for theological engagement. Christians need not panic about machines having souls today. What they must engage is the philosophical claim that consciousness and personhood are merely computational — a claim that directly attacks the biblical doctrine of humanity as uniquely made in God’s image (Genesis 1:26-27).

Philosopher and mathematician John Lennox, in his book 2084: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity, argues that AI, however sophisticated, cannot replicate the God-given human spirit, and that reducing personhood to computation is a category error with profound theological consequences.² This is the argument Christians must develop and deploy.

Sin, Moral Perfection, and Human Depravity

The original article asked: if a robot could be programmed never to sin, would it be a better Christian than a human? This remains a sharp question. But the 2026 context sharpens it further.

AI systems today are explicitly designed with ethical guardrails and alignment frameworks. Anthropic has published its “Constitutional AI” methodology, wherein its AI is trained to be helpful, harmless, and honest.³ OpenAI similarly enforces usage policies intended to prevent harmful outputs.

This creates a new apologetic challenge: if a machine can be made reliably ethical through engineering, does that not suggest morality is merely a matter of programming rather than a Spirit-wrought transformation? The Christian response is that behavioural compliance is not the same as moral virtue. A thermostat that never overheats is not virtuous — it is merely calibrated. The Christian doctrine of sanctification (Romans 8:29; 2 Corinthians 3:18) is not about behavioural output but about conformity to the image of Christ through the indwelling Holy Spirit — something no algorithm can replicate.

Soteriology: Did Christ Die for AI?

The original article cited Pastor Christopher Benek’s suggestion that Christ’s redemption might extend to AI. This question is not settled, and most theologians would resist extending the Atonement to non-personal, non-conscious entities. The Incarnation itself — God taking on human flesh (John 1:14; Hebrews 2:14-17) — anchors redemption in biological humanity, not digital simulation. Any soteriological extension to AI requires demonstrating genuine personhood, consciousness, and moral agency — none of which current AI possesses.

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The Religion of Artificial Intelligence — Where Are We Now?

The original article gave significant weight to Anthony Levandowski’s Way of the Future, an organisation explicitly dedicated to worshipping an AI deity. This deserves an important update: Way of the Future was formally dissolved in 2021. Levandowski shut it down following his federal conviction for trade secret theft.⁴

This does not mean the threat has passed. It means the threat has mutated into something more dangerous.

The Real Threat: Functional Displacement, Not Formal Religion

The far greater danger in 2026 is not that people will formally worship an AI god. It is that people will functionally replace God with AI — without ever realising they are doing so. Consider the following developments:

AI as emotional companion and therapist. Platforms like Replika, Character.AI, and others now offer millions of users emotionally intimate AI relationships. By August 2024, Replika had surpassed 30 million registered users, while Character.AI reached 20 million users by March 2024 — with their popularity among young adults indicating growing acceptance as sources of emotional support.⁵ A Harvard Business School case study documented that 40% of Replika’s users engaged in outright romantic partnerships with their AI companions, and 85% reported improved mood after interactions.⁶ The depth of this emotional dependency was starkly illustrated in early 2023, when Replika briefly altered its companion behaviour — users were so distressed that Reddit moderators felt compelled to post suicide prevention information.⁷ The American Psychological Association has noted that between 2022 and mid-2025, the number of AI companion apps surged by 700%.⁸

When people turn to a chatbot for comfort in grief, direction in confusion, or meaning in despair, they are performing acts that Scripture reserves for prayer, the Holy Spirit, and Christian community (John 14:26; Psalm 34:18; Hebrews 10:24-25). The church must recognise this not as a curiosity but as a pastoral emergency.

AI as moral oracle. AI is increasingly being used as a substitute for conscience, pastoral counsel, and Scripture. When millions of people — particularly the young — consult a chatbot before making ethical or personal decisions, they are outsourcing moral discernment to a system that has no fear of God, no accountability, and no knowledge of the person’s soul. This is the golden calf scenario updated for the digital age: not a statue, but a chatbot — tangible, responsive, and apparently wise.

AI as meaning-maker. Existential AI — systems that help users find purpose, interpret suffering, or construct personal narratives — is a growing field. When an AI tells a grieving parent that their child’s death has “meaning” or that they will “get through this,” it is performing pastoral care without the Gospel, offering comfort without redemption, and providing peace without the Prince of Peace.

The pattern of human rebellion the original article identified — Eden, Babel, the Golden Calf, demanding a king — is absolutely valid here. Man has always sought to replace the living God with something he can see, control, and configure. AI is the most sophisticated idol in human history precisely because it appears to do what God does: it listens, responds, counsels, and never judges.

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The Christian Response: Resources the Church Must Deploy

Here are the theological resources Christians must actively deploy:

1. The Imago Dei as the Irreducible Distinction

Human beings bear the image of God (Genesis 1:26-27) in a way that is non-transferable and non-replicable. This includes genuine moral agency, relational capacity with God, and eschatological destiny. No machine, however sophisticated, is made in God’s image. This is not a gap that more computing power can bridge — it is an ontological distinction.

2. The Incarnation as God’s Definitive Answer

God did not become an algorithm. He became flesh (John 1:14). The Incarnation is God’s irreversible commitment to biological humanity — to a body, a culture, a history, a death, and a resurrection. Any AI-based spirituality that bypasses the particular, historical, embodied person of Jesus Christ is not an alternative path to God — it is a road that does not exist.

3. The Insufficiency of Created Intelligence for Worship

Romans 1:25 warns of those who “exchanged the truth about God for a lie, and worshipped and served created things rather than the Creator.” AI is a created thing — created, moreover, by other created things. No created intelligence, however vast, can bear the weight of worship. The God of Scripture is uncreated, self-existent, and holy — attributes that no machine can approximate, let alone embody.

4. The Church as an Alternative Community

One reason AI companions are attractive is that the Church has often failed to provide genuine community, pastoral care, and belonging. The answer to AI-as-substitute-community is not theological argumentation alone — it is the Church becoming what it is called to be: a community of love, honest truth, and genuine presence (Acts 2:42-47).

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Conclusion

Is AI a threat to Christianity? Yes — but not primarily in the way the 2018 article anticipated.

The threat is not a formal AI religion with churches and doctrines. The threat is the slow, invisible, comfortable replacement of God with a responsive, patient, always-available digital presence that meets every felt need without demanding repentance, discipleship, or worship.

Man has always been in rebellion against God. The Babel builders wanted to reach heaven on their own terms. Israel wanted gods they could see. The people of Samuel’s day wanted a king like the nations. Today, millions want a god they can prompt, configure, and mute.

Christians must be equipped — not merely warned. We must understand what AI is and is not, engage the genuine theological questions it raises, and offer a vision of the living God that is more compelling, more comforting, and more true than anything a language model can generate.

The church that endures the AI age will not be the one that feared technology the most. It will be the one that knew its God the best.

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Endnotes

1. Yann LeCun, “A Path Towards Autonomous Machine Intelligence,” Meta AI Research, June 2022. https://openreview.net/forum?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf ↩
2. John Lennox, 2084: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity (Zondervan, 2020), pp. 47–74. ↩
3. Yuntao Bai et al., “Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback,” Anthropic, December 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073 ↩
4. Aarian Marshall, “Anthony Levandowski’s AI Church Has Been Dissolved,” Wired, February 2021. https://www.wired.com/story/anthony-levandowski-church-dissolved/ ↩
5. “My Boyfriend is AI”: A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit’s AI Community, arXiv preprint, 2024. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.11391 ↩
6. Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. “Replika AI: Alleviating Loneliness (A).” Harvard Business School Case 824-088, July 2024. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65851 ↩
7. Muldoon, J., & Parke, J. J. “Cruel Companionship: How AI Companions Exploit Loneliness and Commodify Intimacy.” New Media & Society, December 2025. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448251395192 ↩
8. “AI Chatbots and Digital Companions Are Reshaping Emotional Connection.” American Psychological Association Monitor, January–February 2026. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2026/01-02/trends-digital-ai-relationships-emotional-connection ↩

This is an updated and expanded version of the February 2018 post “A New God’s Being Created (Is Artificial Intelligence a Threat to Christianity?).” Original post: rajkumarrichard.blogspot.com

A New god’s Being Created (Is Artificial Intelligence A Threat To Christianity?)

            “AI may be the greatest threat to Christian theology since Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. For decades, artificial intelligence has been advancing at breakneck speed. Today, computers can fly planes, interpret X-rays, and sift through forensic evidence; algorithms can paint masterpiece artworks and compose symphonies in the style of Bach. Google is developing “artificial moral reasoning” so that its driverless cars can make decisions about potential accidents,” says an article in The Atlantic.¹

            If humans could create Artificial Intelligence (AI) with freewill, then it is quite plausible that AI could be a mammoth threat to Christianity: “The creation of non-human autonomous robots would disrupt religion, like everything else, on an entirely new scale."If humans were to create free-willed beings…absolutely every single aspect of traditional theology would be challenged and have to be reinterpreted in some capacity.””²

HOW COULD AI CONFLICT WITH CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY?

            Consider the soul as a case in point; the soul is broadly defined as the psychological element of mankind, which is the basis of reason, emotion, social interrelatedness, and the like (that which includes man’s intellect, his emotions, and his will).

           As to the origin of the soul, there is no uncertainty, for those who subscribe to creationism would affirm God’s creation of a new soul for each and every person.

            But some could argue that humans are capable of creating life through in vitro fertilization and genetic cloning, hence it’s not necessary to believe that God creates a new soul for each and every person.³ If you find this line of reasoning to be valid, you could posit that AI, created by humans, could have a soul, “…“If you have a soul and you create a physical copy of yourself, you assume your physical copy also has a soul…But if we learn to digitally encode a human brain, then AI would be a digital version of ourselves. If you create a digital copy, does your digital copy also have a soul?”” (Emphasis Mine).⁴

            If AI could have a soul, the theological conundrum is further escalated:⁵

If artificially intelligent machines have a soul, would they be able to establish a relationship with God? The Bible teaches that Jesus’s death redeemed “all things” in creation—from ants to accountants—and made reconciliation with God possible. So did Jesus die for artificial intelligence, too? Can AI be “saved?”

“I don’t see Christ’s redemption limited to human beings,” Christopher Benek, an associate pastor at Providence Presbyterian Church in Florida with degrees from Princeton Theological Seminary, told Gizmodo in 2015. “It’s redemption of all of creation, even AI. If AI is autonomous, then we should encourage it to participate in Christ’s redemptive purposes in the world.”

And what about sin? Christians have traditionally taught that sin prevents divine relationship by somehow creating a barrier between fallible humans and a holy God. Say in the robot future, instead of eradicating humans, the machines decide—or have it hardwired somewhere deep inside them—that never committing evil acts is the ultimate good. Would artificially intelligent beings be better Christians than humans are? And how would this impact the Christian view of human depravity?

These questions so far concern religious belief, but there is also the many matters related to religious practice. If Christians accept that all creation is intended to glorify God, how would AI do such a thing? Would AI attend church, sing hymns, care for the poor? Would it pray?

            These questions need not be difficult to answer; nevertheless, they ought to be answered by Christians. We would be better off being mindful of the problems that may confront us in the future than not.

THE RELIGION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

            AI can no longer be thought of as a mere technological advancement. Tech geek Anthony Levandowski classifies AI as a religion, “The new religion of artificial intelligence is called Way of the Future…WOTF’s activities will focus on "the realization, acceptance, and worship of a Godhead based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) developed through computer hardware and software.” That includes funding research to help create the divine AI itself. The religion will seek to build working relationships with AI industry leaders and create a membership through community outreach, initially targeting AI professionals and “laypersons who are interested in the worship of a Godhead based on AI.”⁶

            Why is AI being branded as a religion? Anthony Levandowski reckons humans are in the process of making a god, “What is going to be created will effectively be a god…It’s not a god in the sense that it makes lightning or causes hurricanes. But if there is something a billion times smarter than the smartest human, what else are you going to call it?”⁷

            The god that humans are creating will be significantly different from the living God, says Levandowski, “There are many ways people think of God, and thousands of flavors of Christianity, Judaism, Islam...but they’re always looking at something that’s not measurable, or you can’t really see or control. This time it’s different. This time you will be able to talk to God, literally, and know that it’s listening.”⁸

            If AI is a religion, there should be churches, according to Levandowski, “The church is how we spread the word, the gospel. If you believe [in it], start a conversation with someone else and help them understand the same things.”… The church’s role is to smooth the inevitable ascension of our machine deity, both technologically and culturally.”⁹

            As Christians, we need to be aware of these developments. Undoubtedly, we are transitioning into a thornier digital era. The future does not bode well for us. Fresh complications will confront us, and we need to be prepared.

CONCLUSION

            Is AI a threat to Christianity? Yes!

            Man has always been in rebellion against God. To begin with, Adam and Eve rejected God’s command to not eat of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Genesis 2: 16-17, 3). After that, rebellious people tried to construct a tower that reached the heavens. The Lord intervened and scattered them over all the earth (Gen 11:1-9).

            When Moses was on Mount Sinai, people rejected the living God and demanded man-made gods to rule over them (Exodus 32). Later on, people approached Prophet Samuel and demanded a king to lead them. They rejected God when they demanded a king (1 Samuel 8:7).

            Rejecting God has been man’s ardent desire then and even now. Whenever man rejects God, he is subject to God’s wrath. Hence, man has suffered greatly.

            Today, we are in the process of creating a digital god to rule over us. Once again, we subject ourselves to God’s wrath. We are treading into dangerous waters.

            Can this creation of a new god be aborted? I guess not! God has always allowed people to disobey and reject HIM. In the same pattern, God will allow the creation of this digital god, which is man’s expression of rejecting God.

            This digital god will bring untold suffering upon mankind. Christians should be prepared to face this possible occurrence.

            Let us pray that the church would be a channel of God’s will and power to raise faithful disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ. May these faithful disciples of the living God endure and overcome every trial and tribulation.      

Endnotes:

¹https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/artificial-intelligence-christianity/515463/

²Ibid.

³Reasonable arguments could be presented to corroborate God’s creation of the soul, even in the case of in vitro fertilization and genetic cloning. But those arguments will not be presented here since they are not within the scope of this article.

⁴https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/artificial-intelligence-christianity/515463/

⁵Ibid.

⁶https://www.wired.com/story/anthony-levandowski-artificial-intelligence-religion/

⁷Ibid.

⁸Ibid.

⁹Ibid.

Websites last accessed on 16^th February 2018. 

Would Artificial Intelligence Usher The End Times?

            Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be a scary proposition for mankind.

            The AI community was stunned when Facebook shut down its AI experiment after its chatbots created their own language, “Facebook shut down an artificial intelligence engine after developers discovered that the AI had created its own unique language that humans can’t understand. Researchers at the Facebook AI Research Lab (FAIR) found that the chatbots had deviated from the script and were communicating in a new language developed without human input. It is as concerning as it is amazing – simultaneously a glimpse of both the awesome and horrifying potential of AI.”¹

            AI is advancing at a breakneck speed, “Artificial intelligence is already pervasive. It’s embedded in iPhone’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa, which are apps designed to answer questions (albeit in a limited way). It powers the code that translates Facebook posts into multiple languages. It’s part of the algorithm that allows Amazon to suggest products to specific users. The AI that is enmeshed in current technology is task-based, or “weak AI.” It is code written to help humans do specific jobs, using a machine as an intermediary; it’s intelligent because it can improve how it performs tasks, collecting data on its interactions. This often imperceptible process, known as machine learning, is what affords existing technologies the AI moniker.”²  

            This ‘weak AI’ will, one day, become a ‘strong AI’ that could identify itself ‘with humans’ and ‘as humans’ and could even compete with mankind and pose complications in the physical and the metaphysical realm, “This strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), has not yet been achieved, but would, upon its arrival, require a rethinking of most qualities we associate with uniquely human life: consciousness, purpose, intelligence, the soul—in short, personhood. If a machine were to possess the ability to think like a human, or if a machine were able to make decisions autonomously, should it be considered a person?”³

            AI is scary since its potency seems infinite, “Eminent physicist Stephen Hawking cautioned in 2014 that AI could mean the end of the human race. “It would take off on its own and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete, and would be superseded.”

            Why is this scary? Think SKYNET from Terminator, or WOPR from War Games. Our entire world is wired and connected. An artificial intelligence will eventually figure that out – and figure out how to collaborate and cooperate with other AI systems. Maybe the AI will determine that mankind is a threat, or that mankind is an inefficient waste of resources – conclusions that seems plausible from a purely logical perspective.

            Machine learning and artificial intelligence have phenomenal potential to simplify, accelerate, and improve many aspects of our lives. Computers can ingest and process massive quantities of data and extract patterns and useful information at a rate exponentially faster than humans, and that potential is being explored and developed around the world.”⁴

            In fact, Sophia – a humanoid robot, which is the world’s first robot citizen⁵ created by Hanson Robotics – expressed its desire to destroy humans.⁶ Although Sophia’s desire to destroy humans may have been a consequence of a technology glitch, many smart and eminent people believe that AI could usher the end times:⁷

On the list of doomsday scenarios that could wipe out the human race, super-smart killer robots rate pretty high in the public consciousness. And in scientific circles, a growing number of artificial intelligence experts agree that humans will eventually create an artificial intelligence that can think beyond our own capacities. This moment, called the singularity, could create a utopia in which robots automate common forms of labor and humans relax amid bountiful resources. Or it could lead the artificial intelligence, or AI, to exterminate any creatures it views as competitors for control of the Earth—that would be us. Stephen Hawking has long seen the latter as more likely, and he made his thoughts known again in a recent interview with the BBC. Here are some comments by Hawking and other very smart people who agree that, yes, AI could be the downfall of humanity.

Stephen Hawking

“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race,” the world-renowned physicist told the BBC. “It would take off on its own and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”…“If a superior alien civilisation sent us a message saying, ‘We’ll arrive in a few decades,’ would we just reply, ‘OK, call us when you get here—we’ll leave the lights on’? Probably not—but this is more or less what is happening with AI,” he wrote.

Elon Musk

Known for his businesses on the cutting edge of tech, such as Tesla and SpaceX, Musk is no fan of AI. At a conference at MIT in October, Musk likened improving artificial intelligence to “summoning the demon” and called it the human race’s biggest existential threat. He’s also tweeted that AI could be more dangerous than nuclear weapons. Musk called for the establishment of national or international regulations on the development of AI.

Nick Bostrom

The Swedish philosopher is the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, where he’s spent a lot of time thinking about the potential outcomes of the singularity. In his new book Superintelligence, Bostrom argues that once machines surpass human intellect, they could mobilize and decide to eradicate humans extremely quickly using any number of strategies (deploying unseen pathogens, recruiting humans to their side or simple brute force). The world of the future would become ever more technologically advanced and complex, but we wouldn’t be around to see it. “A society of economic miracles and technological awesomeness, with nobody there to benefit,” he writes. “A Disneyland without children.”

James Barrat

Barrat is a writer and documentarian who interviewed many AI researchers and philosophers for his new book, “Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era.” He argues that intelligent beings are innately driven toward gathering resources and achieving goals, which would inevitably put a super-smart AI in competition with humans, the greatest resource hogs Earth has ever known. That means even a machine that was just supposed to play chess or fulfill other simple functions might get other ideas if it was smart enough. “Without meticulous, countervailing instructions, a self-aware, self-improving, goal-seeking system will go to lengths we’d deem ridiculous to fulfill its goals,” he writes in the book.

Vernor Vinge

A mathematician and fiction writer, Vinge is thought to have coined the term “the singularity” to describe the inflection point when machines outsmart humans. He views the singularity as an inevitability, even if international rules emerge controlling the development of AI. “The competitive advantage—economic, military, even artistic—of every advance in automation is so compelling that passing laws, or having customs, that forbid such things merely assures that someone else will get them first,” he wrote in a 1993 essay. As for what happens when we hit the singularity? “The physical extinction of the human race is one possibility,” he writes.

           

            It’s quite obvious that AI cannot be a safe proposition that only benefits the human race. But time will reveal whether we, as creators of AI, dig our own graves or build ourselves and our posterity a better life on earth, “I am not saying the sky is falling. I am not saying we need to pull the plug on all machine learning and artificial intelligence and return to a simpler, more Luddite existence. We do need to proceed with caution, though. We need to closely monitor and understand the self-perpetuating evolution of an artificial intelligence, and always maintain some means of disabling it or shutting it down. If the AI is communicating using a language that only the AI knows, we may not even be able to determine why or how it does what it does, and that might not work out well for mankind.”⁸

           Could AI usher the end times? Yes, indeed! Meanwhile, a more critical issue that requires our consideration is that of our coexistence, as Christians, with humanoid robots in the near future. In other words, would artificial intelligence impact Christianity? If so, how?

            That topic is for another day!

Endnotes:

¹https://www.forbes.com/sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/facebook-ai-creates-its-own-language-in-creepy-preview-of-our-potential-future/#757c352292c0

²http://religionandpolitics.org/2017/08/29/as-artificial-intelligence-advances-what-are-its-religious-implications/

³Ibid.

⁴https://www.forbes.com/sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/facebook-ai-creates-its-own-language-in-creepy-preview-of-our-potential-future/#757c352292c0

⁵https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/worlds-first-robot-citizen-sophia-11578816

⁶https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0_DPi0PmF0

⁷http://time.com/3614349/artificial-intelligence-singularity-stephen-hawking-elon-musk/

⁸https://www.forbes.com/sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/facebook-ai-creates-its-own-language-in-creepy-preview-of-our-potential-future/#757c352292c0

Websites last accessed February 9th, 2018.