Recently, Pope Francis called for a
civil union law that legally protects same-sex marriages. Pope Francis claimed
that gay couples have an inherent right to this protection because they are
God’s children, ““Homosexuals have a right to be a part of the family. They’re
children of God and have a right to a family. Nobody should be thrown out, or be
made miserable because of it...””1 In this context, two antecedent
events are remarkable.
First, in the past, Pope Francis did not approve of a civil union law for gay
couples. He characterized the civil union law for gay couples, if
implemented, as an anthropological
regression, “In the 2013 book “On Heaven and Earth,” Pope Francis did not
reject the possibility of civil unions outright, but did say that laws
“assimilating” homosexual relationships to marriage are “an anthropological
regression,” and he expressed concern that if same-sex couples “are given
adoption rights, there could be affected children. Every person needs a male
father and a female mother that can help them shape their identity.”2
Second, the official Catholic
teaching opposes the practice of homosexuality and the implementation of a
civil law for gay couples, “In 2003, under the leadership of Cardinal Joseph
Ratzinger and at the direction of Pope John Paul II, the Vatican’s Congregation
for the Doctrine of the Faith taught that “respect
for homosexual persons cannot lead in any way to approval of homosexual
behaviour or to legal recognition of homosexual unions…” “Legal recognition
of homosexual unions or placing them on the same level as marriage would mean
not only the approval of deviant behaviour, with the consequence of making it a
model in present-day society, but would also obscure basic values which belong
to the common inheritance of humanity…” “Not even in a remote analogous sense
do homosexual unions fulfil the purpose for which marriage and family deserve
specific categorical recognition. On the contrary, there are good reasons for
holding that such unions are harmful to the proper development of human
society, especially if their impact on society were to increase,” the document
said.”3 [Emphasis Mine].
This then is the problem.
Advocating for a civil union law to
protect gay marriages is synonymous with endorsing the homosexual practice.
Furthermore, this may sway young Catholics towards accepting and practicing homosexuality.
The theological stumbling block is
this: God, through the Bible, deemed homosexuality as a sin. But Pope Francis
seems to have declassified homosexuality as an acceptable practice before God.
Only God has the authority to
classify a practice as a sin. So if a practice ought to be declassified from
sin to an acceptable practice, then it is God who should exercise HIS authority
to execute the declassification.
Essentially, Pope Francis has played
God again.
The temptation to play God could be
a consequence of ‘Papal Infallibility.’
Anything that the Pope says or does
would have consequences to the Catholic community. In this context, would the radical shift in Pope Francis’
perception of gay marriages influence the Catholic Church to change its stance
on gay marriages? Alternatively, should the Pope’s opinion change or
detrimentally influence the doctrinal stand of a catholic?
In order to arrive at an answer to
these questions, we need to understand the concept of ‘Papal Infallibility.’ In
other words, did the pope assume infallibility while making such comments?
To understand Papal Infallibility,
we need to understand a few technical terms:
1. The Magisterium is the authority to teach, in the name of Christ, the
truths of Christian faith and life…4
2. The Extraordinary Magisterium “is exercised when a doctrine pertaining
to Faith and morals is proclaimed as definitive and infallible:
1. by the
pope alone or
2. by the
pope and an Ecumenical Council with him.
The pope makes infallible
pronouncements when he speaks “ex
cáthedra” (Latin: from the throne),
i.e. with the full weight of his office.”5
3. The Ordinary Magisterium “is exercised when the pope or the bishops in
communion with him propose, without pronouncing in a definitive manner, a
teaching that leads to better understanding of Revelation in matters of Faith
and morals.” 6
Ed
Feser, one of the best contemporary writers in Philosophy, explains Papal
Infallibility well. This, interestingly, is in response to a question if the
pope, in theory, could reverse the Church’s teaching about homosexuality.
Feser puts forth the following
points in his blog entitled “Papal fallibility (Updated)” [Emphasis Mine]:7
A. “Some people think that Catholic
teaching is that a pope is infallible not only when making ex cathedra declarations, but in everything he does and says. That is also simply not the case. Catholic
doctrine allows that popes can make grave mistakes, even mistakes that touch on
doctrinal matters in certain ways.”
B. “Some think that a Catholic is
obliged to accept the teaching of a pope only when that teaching is put forward
by him as infallible. That too is not
the case… Others think that a Catholic is obliged to agree more or less with
every view or decision of a pope regarding matters of theology, philosophy,
politics, etc. even when it is not put forward as infallible. And that too is not the case.”
C. There are “several conditions for the exercise of this extraordinary Magisterium. First, the pope must appeal to his supreme teaching authority as the successor
of Peter, as opposed to speaking merely as a private theologian, or making
off-the-cuff remarks, or the like. An
exercise of the extraordinary Magisterium would, accordingly, typically involve
some formal and solemn declaration.
Second, he must be addressing
some matter of doctrine concerning faith or morals…Third, he must be “defining” some doctrine in the
sense of putting it forward as official teaching that is binding on the entire
Church. The extraordinary Magisterium
doesn’t pertain to teaching that concerns merely local or contingent
circumstances.”
D. The pope cannot contradict the Scripture.
E. Papal infallibility, then, is not some magical power by which a pope
can transform any old thing he wishes into a truth that all are bound to
accept. It is an extension of the
infallibility of the preexisting body of doctrine that it is his job to
safeguard, and thus must always be exercised in continuity with that body of
doctrine. Naturally, then, the pope
would not be speaking infallibly if he taught something that either had no
basis in Scripture, Tradition, or previous magisterial teaching, or
contradicted those sources of doctrine.
If it had no such basis, it could be mistaken, and if it contradicted
those sources of doctrine, it would be mistaken.
F. Popes could err. In his blog, Feser mentions instances of errant
popes, some in an extremely serious way. Feser writes, “if popes can err
gravely even on matters touching on doctrine and the governance of the Church,
it goes without saying that they can err gravely with respect to matters of
politics, science, economics, and the like.”
G. Why do popes err? Feser predicates papal error upon free will, “The sober truth is that
Christ sometimes lets his Vicar err, only within definite limits but sometimes
gravely. Why? In part because popes, like all of us, have
free will. But in part, precisely to
show that (as Cardinal Ratzinger put it) “the thing cannot be totally ruined”
-- not even by a pope.”
Thanks to Ed Feser, it’s quite
obvious that Pope Francis did not exercise extraordinary magisterium when he
spoke about the civil law for gay marriages. Moreover, since the Bible is
extremely explicit about homosexuality being a sin, Pope Francis cannot, and is
not authorized to, contradict the Bible to declassify homosexuality from being
a sin to an acceptable practice. Furthermore, it is abundantly clear that popes
have erred and can err. So Pope Francis has indeed erred.
So we infer that Pope Francis’
opinion about civil laws for gay couples cannot influence or change the
Catholic doctrine on homosexuality.
Therefore, a Catholic need not
consider Pope Francis’ statement to be infallible. But can legitimately
disagree with the pope and continue to do what the Bible says i.e. do not
practice or endorse homosexuality because it is a sin (Genesis 19:5; Leviticus
18:22, 20:13; Romans 1:26-27; I Corinthians 6:9-10; 1 Timothy 1:10; Jude 1:7).
Endnotes:
1https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-calls-for-civil-union-law-for-same-sex-couples-in-shift-from-vatican-stance-12462
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4https://www.thecatholicthing.org/2014/05/29/the-magisterium-defined/
5CCC
891;
http://www.catholic-catechism.com/?searchtext=magisterium
6CCC
892; http://www.catholic-catechism.com/?searchtext=magisterium
7http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2015/11/papal-fallibility.html
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accessed on 1st November 2020.